Crusher It refers to the crushing machinery whose particle size is more than 3mm and accounts for more than 50% of the total discharge volume. Crushing operations are often divided into coarse crushing, medium crushing and fine crushing according to the size of feeding and discharging granularity.

Classification: Common crushing machines include jaw crusher, rotary crusher, cone crusher, roller crusher, hammer crusher and impact crusher.

Introduction: Jaw crusher is a crushing machine that uses the extrusion and bending of two jaw plates to crush materials of various hardness. The crushing mechanism is composed of fixed jaw plate and movable jaw plate. When the two jaw plates are close to each other, the material will be crushed. When the two jaw plates leave, the material block smaller than the discharge port will be discharged from the bottom. Its crushing action is intermittent. This crusher is widely used in mineral processing, building materials, silicate, ceramics and other industrial sectors because of its simple structure, reliable operation and the ability to crush hard materials.

By the 1980s, the feed size of the large jaw crusher, which crushes 800 tons of materials per hour, had reached about 1800mm. The commonly used jaw crusher has two types: double toggle crusher and single toggle crusher. The former only makes simple circular arc swing when working, so it is also called simple swing jaw crusher; The latter is also called complex swing jaw crusher because it can move up and down while swinging in circular arc.

The up and down movement of the jaw plate of the single toggle jaw crusher can promote discharging, and the horizontal stroke of its upper part is larger than that of its lower part, which is easy to crush large pieces of materials, so its crushing efficiency is higher than that of the double toggle jaw crusher. Its disadvantage is that the jaw plate is worn quickly, and the material will be over crushed, which will increase the energy consumption. In order to protect the important parts of the machine from being damaged due to overload, the bracket with simple shape and small size is often designed as a weak link, so that it will deform or break first when the machine is overloaded.

In addition, in order to meet the requirements of different discharge particle sizes and compensate for the wear of the jaw plate, an adjustment device for the discharge port is also added, which is usually an adjustment shim or wedge between the bracket seat and the rear frame. However, in order to avoid affecting production due to replacement of broken parts, hydraulic devices can also be used to achieve insurance and adjustment. Some jaw crushers also directly use hydraulic transmission to drive the moving jaw plate to complete the crushing action of materials. These two types of jaw crushers with hydraulic transmission devices are commonly referred to as hydraulic jaw crushers

The revolving crusher is a large crushing machine that uses the revolving movement of the crushing cone in the cone chamber of the shell to squeeze, split and bend the materials and roughly crush ores or rocks of various hardness. The upper end of the main shaft with the crushing cone is supported in the bushing in the middle of the beam, and the lower end is placed in the eccentric hole of the shaft sleeve. When the shaft sleeve rotates, the crushing cone rotates eccentrically around the center line of the machine. Its crushing action is continuous, so its working efficiency is higher than that of the jaw crusher. By the early 1970s, the large rotary crusher could handle 5000 tons of materials per hour, and the feed diameter could reach 2000 mm.

There are two ways to realize the adjustment of the discharge port and overload insurance of the rotary crusher: one is to adopt the mechanical way, and the upper end of the main shaft is equipped with an adjusting nut. When the adjusting nut is rotated, the crushing cone can fall or rise, making the discharge port larger or smaller. When the overload occurs, the safety pin on the drive pulley can be cut off to realize the insurance; The second type is a hydraulic rotary crusher. Its main shaft is located on the plunger in the hydraulic cylinder. Changing the volume of hydraulic oil under the plunger can change the upper and lower positions of the crushing cone, thus changing the size of the discharge port. In case of overload, the downward pressure of the main shaft increases, forcing the hydraulic oil under the plunger into the accumulator in the hydraulic transmission system, so that the crushing cone drops to increase the discharge port, and the non broken objects (ironware, wood blocks, etc.) that enter the crushing chamber with the materials are discharged to ensure safety.

The working principle of the cone crusher is the same as that of the rotary crusher, but it is only applicable to the crushing machinery for intermediate or fine crushing operations. The uniformity of discharge particle size of medium and fine crushing operations is generally higher than that of coarse crushing operations. Therefore, a parallel zone must be set at the lower part of the crushing chamber. At the same time, the rotation speed of the crushing cone must be accelerated so that materials can be squeezed more than once in the parallel zone.

The crushing of medium and fine crushing operations is larger than that of coarse crushing operations, so the loose volume after crushing will increase greatly. In order to prevent the crushing chamber from blocking, the total discharge section must be increased by increasing the diameter of the lower part of the crushing cone without increasing the discharge opening to ensure the required discharge particle size.

The discharge port of the cone crusher is small, and the non broken materials mixed into the feed are more likely to cause accidents. Because the discharge particle size is strictly required for medium and fine crushing operations, the discharge port must be adjusted in time after the lining plate is worn, so the safety and adjustment devices of the cone crusher are more necessary than those for coarse crushing operations.

When the Simon type spring safety cone crusher is overloaded, the conical shell forces the spring to compress and raise itself, so as to increase the discharge port and discharge non broken materials. The discharge opening is adjusted by the adjusting sleeve. Turning the adjusting sleeve fixed to the housing can drive the housing up or down with the help of the thread on its outer circle to change the size of the discharge opening. The safety and adjustment mode of hydraulic cone crusher is the same as that of hydraulic rotary crusher.

The roller crusher is a machine that uses the friction force of the roller surface to bite materials into the crushing area so that they can be crushed by extrusion or splitting. When it is used for coarse crushing or needs to increase the crushing ratio, teeth or grooves are often made on the roll surface to increase the splitting effect. Roller crushers are generally divided into single roll crushers, double roll crushers and multi roll crushers according to the number of rollers. They are suitable for coarse crushing, medium crushing or fine crushing of coal, limestone, cement clinker and feldspar and other materials below medium hard.

Hammer crusher is a crushing machine that uses the high-speed impact of the hammer head to crush and finely crush materials. The hammer head is hinged on the high-speed rotating rotor, and the lower part of the machine body is provided with grate bars to control the discharge particle size. The materials fed into the crusher are first crushed by the impact of the high-speed hammer head, and at the same time, they obtain kinetic energy, fly to the crushing plate on the inner wall of the casing at high speed, and are crushed again. The materials smaller than the grate gap are discharged out of the machine, and the materials larger than the grate gap are impacted and ground again by the hammer on the grate until they are smaller than the grate gap.

Hammer crusher has the advantages of large crushing ratio, uniform discharging particle size, less over crushed materials, low energy consumption, etc. However, due to the rapid wear of the hammer head, its application in hard material crushing is limited; In addition, because the grate bar is afraid of blocking, it is not suitable for crushing materials with high humidity and clay. This crusher is usually used to crush limestone, shale, coal, gypsum, chalk and other brittle materials below medium hardness.

Replacing the hammer head of the hammer crusher with a steel ring ring coal crusher is a variant of the hammer crusher. It uses the combined effect of high-speed impact and low-speed rolling to crush materials, thus obtaining finer products. It is mainly used to crush coal for power plants, but it can also be used to crush gypsum, salt chemical raw materials and some medium hard materials.

The impact crusher is a machine that uses the high-speed impact of the plate hammer and the rebound effect of the impact plate to break materials by repeated impact. The plate hammer is fixed on the high-speed rotating rotor, and several impact plates are arranged at different angles along the crushing chamber.

When materials enter the action zone of the plate hammer, they are first crushed by the first impact of the plate hammer, and at the same time, they obtain kinetic energy and rush to the impact plate at high speed. After the materials collide with the impact plate and are broken again, they are bounced back to the action area of the plate hammer and re impacted by the plate hammer. This is repeated until it is crushed to the required particle size and discharged out of the machine.

Compared with the hammer crusher, the impact crusher has a larger crushing ratio and can make full use of the high-speed impact energy of the entire rotor. However, because the plate hammer is extremely easy to wear, its application in hard material crushing is also limited. It is usually used for coarse crushing, medium crushing or fine crushing of limestone, coal, calcium carbide, quartz, dolomite, iron sulfide ore, gypsum, chemical raw materials and other brittle materials below medium hard.

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